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The First and Last Word: Significance of Matla & Maqta

Published on September 12, 2025

A ghazal is more than just a collection of couplets; it's a structured art form with a distinct beginning and end. These "bookends" are known as the Matla (مطلع), the opening couplet, and the Maqta (مقطع), the closing couplet. They follow special rules that make them unique.

The Opening Statement: What is a Matla?

The Matla is the very first couplet of a ghazal, and its job is to establish the entire rhyme and rhythm scheme. Its defining rule is: both lines of the Matla must contain the Qafiya and Radif. This introduces the pattern that the second line of every subsequent couplet will follow.

dil-e-nādāñ tujhe huā kyā hai?
āḳhir is dard kī davā kyā hai?

In this perfect Matla by Ghalib, you can see the Qafiya (huā/davā) and Radif (kyā hai) in both the first and second lines.

The Poet's Signature: What is a Maqta?

The Maqta is the final couplet of the ghazal, but only if it contains one crucial element: the poet's Takhallus (تخلص), or pen name. This is the poet's signature, where they artfully weave their name into the meaning of the couplet.

If the last couplet does not contain a Takhallus, it is simply called the "aakhri sher" (the last couplet), not a Maqta. Here is a famous Maqta from Ghalib:

maiñ ne maanā ki kuchh nahīñ 'Ghalib'
muft haath aa.e to burā kyā hai?

By including his name, Ghalib steps into his own poem, making a personal and conclusive statement. This is the art of the Maqta.